THERMAL AND ACOUSTIC INSULATION METHODS FOR WOODEN WINDOW UNITS IN KAZAKHSTAN: A REVIEW

Abstract

Improving the thermal and acoustic insulation of wooden window units is increasingly important for building energy efficiency and indoor comfort, especially in continental climates. In south-eastern Kazakhstan, including Almaty, strong seasonal temperature contrasts, dry cold winters, and hot summers accelerate material ageing and can reduce the long-term performance of facade elements, making window-system optimisation a priority. This review is based on a systematic analysis of peer-reviewed studies and current regulatory and technical documents on wooden window design and performance. The considered solutions include wood-based frame systems, multi-pane insulating glass units, low-emissivity (Low-E) coatings, inert gas filling, vacuum glazing, acoustic laminated glass, and improved sealing and insulation of installation joints. Particular attention is given to EPDM gaskets as durable sealing materials resistant to temperature-induced deformation and ageing. The analysed evidence shows a consistent improvement trend in thermal performance: the overall thermal transmittance (U-value) decreases from about 1.1 W/(m2×K) for conventional insulating glass units to around 0.4 W/(m2×K) when vacuum glazing is applied. Acoustic laminated glass and multi-contour sealing systems also improve sound insulation performance, while frame geometry, profile design, and material selection determine the integrated thermal-acoustic effect. The review concludes that the most effective strategy for Kazakhstan is an integrated approach combining advanced glazing, optimised wooden frames, and reliable sealing systems to reduce heat losses, improve acoustic comfort, and meet modern energy-efficiency and safety requirements.